Links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyera
https://flagspot.net/flags/es-ct_ar.html#leg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba
https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Cuba
https://www.cubaflags.com/
Draft links, of copy:
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/flags-with-stars.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/flags-with-stars.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/origins-of-cuban-flag.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/flag-of-cuba.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/aragonese-catalan-flag-spain.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/senyera.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/estelada.html
http://fourredstripes.blogspot.com/p/freemasonry-in-cuba-la-masoneria-en-cuba.html
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtUMSqGRXQGixrcPdOtea2w
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico
"blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bears a large, white, five-pointed star in the center, was first flown in Puerto Rico on March 24, 1897, during the "Intentona de Yauco" revolt. The use and display of the Puerto Rican flag was outlawed and the only flags permitted to be flown in Puerto Rico were the Spanish flag (1492 to 1898) and the flag of the United States (1898 to 1952)"
"The origins of the current flag of Puerto Rico, adopted by the commonwealth of Puerto Rico in 1952, can be traced to 1868, when the first Puerto Rican flag, "The Revolutionary Flag of Lares", was conceived by Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances and embroidered by Mariana "Brazos de Oro" Bracetti. This flag was used in the short-lived Puerto Rican revolt against Spanish rule in the island, known as "El Grito de Lares""
Books;
A History of the Cuban Revolution
----
other mixed related info first scoop just in one direction alone.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Estelada
http://www.radiobayamo.icrt.cu/homage-to-carlos-manuel-de-cespedes-on-the-198th-anniversary-of-his-birth/
"The people of Granma paid tribute this Tuesday to Father of the Homeland, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, on the occasion of the 198th anniversary of his birth, with a ceremony held at the Plaza de la Revolución of Bayamo.
José Manuel Maceo Martí, first secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) in Bayamo, stressed that Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is there calling us to fight for in each site to maintain the Revolution.
During the ceremony floral wreath before the statue of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes and the bust of Pedro Figueredo (Perucho) were laid.
The tribute to the initiator of our struggles, was part of the Creador de la Patria event that takes place in this city since last April 15."
http://www.radiobayamo.icrt.cu/homage-to-carlos-manuel-de-cespedes-on-the-198th-anniversary-of-his-birth/
http://www.voltairenet.org/article198180.html
"It was the night of 3 October 1965, in Havana, in what was then called the Chaplin Theatre (now known as the Carlos Marx Theatre): the very first Central Committee of the Communist Party was established and it established its official media, the newspaper, the Granma, the culmination of a defining stage in consolidating the Revolution."
-
"The idea of revolutionary unity that dominated the whole life of the Commander-in-Chief is rooted in the thinking of José Martí. Martí knew how to overcome the internal divisions that existed in his time among Cuban patriots and establish the Cuban Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Cubano) which made “The Necessary War of 1895” possible.
Yet at the same time, Fidel had carefully studied the failure of this project which occurred after two men fell in combat: first José Martí and then Antonio Maceo. It was these circumstances that opened the doors to a US intervention in 1898 and to the US policy of dividing the rebel forces and winding up its institutions so that a new colony could be established in 1902.
This is why, right from the beginning when he was preparing to attack the Moncada Barracks and Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, in Santiago de Cuba and Bayamo in 1953, the highest leader rebranded himself into an “embroider of unity” and he attributes his tapestry to being “(…) a work of the people”, as he explained in 2005, at a meeting celebrating the 50th anniversary of the establishment of M-26-7,."
---
Jesus Menendez Larrondo
first Cuban communist cell 1920s
----
http://www.thecubanhistory.com/2012/05/chronology-of-the-communist-takeover-of-cuba/
rominent figures of the new government:
Dr. Manuel Urrutia – President
Dr. Fidel Castro – Head of the Army
Dr. Jose Miro Cardona – Prime Minister
Dr. Felipe Pazos – Head of the National Bank
Rufo Lopez Fresquet – Minister of Finance
Manolo Ray – Minister of Public Works
Raul Castro – Head in Santiago de Cuba
Ernesto “Che” Guevara – Head of Cabana Fortress
Camilo Cienfuegos – Head of Camp Colombia
4. Starting of trials and executions of Batista followers all over the Island.
---
https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Francisco%20C%C3%A9spedes
---
http://www.thecubanhistory.com/2016/04/freemasonry-in-cuba-la-masoneria-en-cuba/
There is no doubt that Freemasonry in Cuba is linked to our history. It is stated that the independence of Spanish colonialism in 1898 was the work of Freemasons. Each national symbol anthem, flag and coat, were conceived by their children. Masons were Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, considered the “Father of the Nation”, Ignacio Agramonte, Antonio Maceo, José Martí and the vast majority of the managers of the republic.
The first Masonic conceptions arrived in Havana with the currents of “Enlightenment”, after the French Revolution of 1789 and the first half of the nineteenth century and were organized as clubs and secret organizations.
Researchers argue that the possibility existed much earlier, considering the Masonic symbolic evidence etched in stone quarried in the wall surrounding Havana, whose construction is the sixteenth century.
But undoubtedly the first evidence of Freemasonry in Cuba dates from 1763, when the first Masonic body who performed functions in Cuba is constituted and which has the first official document attests: A certificate of the degree of “Master” extended on behalf of Alexander Cockburn, dated May 3, 1763 during the military occupation of Havana by the English and issued by the British military Lodge number 218 Registry of Ireland attached to Regiment 48 of the army.
----
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes
www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Cuba-history.htm
--
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/30/red-belt-catalonia-
labour-movement-referendum
All four dismiss the independence movement as a distraction from more
pressing social issues, claiming it has proved a useful smokescreen
for the Catalan government’s spending cuts.
“What’s happening now is that everyone has been told that Spain is the
origin of our problems,” says Salas. “They are being fed a version of
Catalan history that has nothing to do with reality and this has
radicalised young people around independence.”
“There’s been a sort of mantra, that Spain is robbing us, and there’s
a lot of confusion, as though the Spanish government and the Spanish
people were one and the same,” Jiménez says. “With a prime minister
like Mariano Rajoy it’s very easy for everyone to oppose the
government.”
----
Jiménez, 61, comes from Cornellà, one of a string of satellite towns
thrown up around Barcelona to accommodate the mass migration from the
south and west of Spain in the 1960s and 1970s. The towns are known as
the cinturón rojo, the red belt, because of their history of radical
politics.
As the Baix Llobregat area south of Barcelona began to industrialise,
hundreds of thousands of Spaniards abandoned the countryside in search
of a better life up north. The factories and housing estates became a
crucible of leftwing politics and to this day the cinturón rojo has
never voted for nationalist candidates.
“El Baix Llobregat was the laboratory where we learned all about
communism,” says Pepe Martínez, 64, who led the first general strike
in the area in 1974. “For example, while we were still deciding
whether to strike, one guy grabbed the microphone and shouted:
‘Workers of the Baix Llobregat, don’t fall for the siren voices of
these revisionists. Now’s the time to establish a government of the
workers and peasants’. There were people like that here,” he says,
laughing at the memory.
--
"The upper echelons of modern Catalan Nationalism are just a bunch of
tories who think they can do a better job of exploiting Catalan
workers than the business establishment in Madrid.
Very noteworthy that the socialists in the article said that when they
were striking against Franco in the early 1970's there were no
nationalists to be seen."
---
---------------------
https://www.thelocal.es/20170929/10-facts-on-catalan-president-and-
pro-independence-leader-carles-puigdemont
"Puigdemont’s political career started relatively late, in 2007 he was
elected as a member of the opposition at Girona City Hall, before
being elected mayor four years later and breaking Socialist rule that
had stood there since 1979."
". Politically, Puigdemont has been defined as somewhere between a
centrist and a social democrat, who appeals more to those on the left
of centre than previous Catalan President Artur Mas thanks to his
relatively humble upbringing in Amer away from the Barcelona
bourgeoisie"
---------
https://www.socialistalternative.org/tag/carles-puigdemont/
"Statement by Izquierda Revolucionaria (CWI in the Spanish State)
Continue the fight until we win a Catalan socialist republic! "
"Statement by Izquierda Revolucionaria [9/10/17] For a Catalan
socialist republic – down with the PP government! The rebellion of the
Catalan people on 1 October forced the Spanish capitalist regime and
the right wing Partido"
"By Matt Dobson, Socialist Party Scotland (CWI in Scotland) There have
been large protests in Scotland in solidarity with the movement in
Catalonia, particularly among youth and workers involved in the YES
campaign in 2014"
----
https://www.facebook.com/jncatalunya/
www.jnc.cat
--
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joventut_Nacionalista_de_Catalunya
-------
Leader Sergi Miquel Valentí
Foundation April 27, 1980
Ideology Catalan Nationalism Catalan
Independentism
Social Liberalism
Europeanism
Position Center
Headquarters C / Puig-Reig 10 bajo Barcelona
International affiliation IFLY
European affiliation European Liberal Youth (LYMEC) 1
Publication Estel Blanc
----
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Dem%C3%B3crata_Europeo_Catal
%C3%A1n
Preceded by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia
Ideology See Ideology
Position center - 1
Headquarters Carrer de Provença, 339
08037 Barcelona Spain 2 3
Flag of Spain.svg
country Spain
Youth organization Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya
European affiliation Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
---
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergencia_Democr%C3%A1tica_de_Catalu
%C3%B1a
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia ( CDC , in Catalan : Convergència
Democràtica de Catalunya ), known as Convergència and the members as
Convergents , is a Spanish political party of Catalan scope ,
currently without political activity, 11 of Catalan independence trend
in its last years. It was originally created around the figure of
Jordi Pujol in 1974, initially as a small political party, and was not
registered in the party registry until 1977. 2Democratic Convergence
of Catalonia has been considered as the political articulation of
pujolismo . 7
Between 1978 and 2015, CDC was part of the federation Convergencia y
Unión (CiU), formed together with the Christian Democratic Union of
Catalonia
President Jacint Borràs
Foundation 17 November 1974 1
Legalization February 23, 1977 2
Dissolution July 8, 2016 Note 1
Ideology Liberalism
Nationalism Catalan
Catalan independence 6
economic liberalism
Pujolismo 7
Position Center - 8 9
Successor Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT)
----------
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_de_la_Alianza_de_los_Liberales_y
_Dem%C3%B3cratas_por_Europa
-------
. Within its internal ideological currents is the social liberalism ,
radicalism , classical liberalismand European federalism .
In the June 2004 elections he obtained 88 MEPs, who are part of the
group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). In
the European Parliament, ALDE is the third political force, only
behind the EPP and the PSE .
In the Elections to the European Parliament in 2009 , ELDR obtained a
total of 71 MEPs, a drop that was also experienced by the ALDE
Democratic-Liberal Coalition to which this party belongs, which
obtained a total of 84 MEPs, with a drop of 19.2%. with respect to
2004.
ALDE is the main alliance of liberal parties in Europe, encompassing
more than half of the European parliamentarians (71 out of 84) of the
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe , which is the third
strongest political force currently in the European Parliament ,
behind of the European Popular Party (PPE) , with 265 seats, and of
the European Socialist Party (PSE) , with 184 seats.
Its youth are the European Liberal Youth , in addition to having the
founding European Liberal Forum .
-----
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt
"In the Belgian elections of 2003 , the liberals and socialists get
good results, but the green parties that were part of the coalition of
the previous legislature remain practically out of parliament. This
time the formation of government was delayed more than in the previous
elections because the number of votes and seats of the two main
parties that would be part of the ruling coalition were very similar."
"In the Belgian elections of 1999 , his party reaches 22% of the vote
and comes to power with a coalition of liberals , socialists and
ecologists ."
------
"It involves two fundamental changes with respect to classical
liberalism . On the one hand, it is about overcoming the atomistic
individualism of the old liberalism through an organic conception
giving foot in favor of society. And on the other hand, advocates an
intervention of the State in the field of the social."
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalismo_social
---
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_European_Democratic_Party
----
Abbreviation PDeCAT
Leader Artur Mas
Secretary Marta Pascal
Deputy Leader Neus Munté
Founded 10 July 2016
Preceded by Democratic Convergence of Catalonia
Headquarters C/Provença, 339
08037 Barcelona
Youth wing Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya (JNC)
Membership 8,000 (July 2016)[1]
Ideology Catalan independence
Catalan nationalism
Republicanism
Liberalism
Economic liberalism
Pro-Europeanism
Political position Centre to Centre-right
National affiliation Together for Yes
European affiliation Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
International affiliation Liberal International
European Parliament group Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
----------
wo names for the rebranded party were initially floated: Més Catalunya and Catalans Convergents, but different party factions expressed their rejection of both proposals.[6] On 9 July, three other proposals were presented: Junts per Catalunya, Partit Demòcrata Català and Partit Nacional Català.[7] On July 10, the congress of the party opted for Partit Demòcrata Català, which obtained 871 votes against 657 for Partit Nacional Català (Catalan National Party).[2]
However, the name itself Partit Demòcrata Català is currently suspended, since it is almost identical with that of an existing political party.[8] The Ministry of the Interior announced the difficulty of registering the party with that name, being similar to Democrats of Catalonia, a fact that has already caused the inability to register in 2015 a political organisation with the name Partit Demòcrata de Catalunya. Antoni Castellà, Democrats of Catalonia spokesman, said in August that "if the PDC does not change its brand that will be a conflict within Junts pel Sí", the Catalan coalition government formed by his party and CDC, among others. On September 20 the party announced that it will attempt to register the name Partit Demòcrata Europeu Català (Catalan European Democratic Party, PDECat), which also would conflict by presenting similarity with the Partit Català d'Europa recorded by Pasqual Maragall in July 1998; however, the party also registered the names Partit Nacional Català, Junts per Catalunya, Més-Catalunya and Pacte Democràtic Català in case the PDCat also be rejected by the Ministry of the Interior.[9][10]
On 3 October 2016, the Ministry of the Interior announced that the name Partit Demòcrata Europeu Català had been officially registered on 29 September.[11][12] That name was ratified by the party members in a ballot conducted on 21-22 October 2016
--------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junts_pel_S%C3%AD
Abbreviation JxSí
Leader Raül Romeva, Carme Forcadell, Muriel Casals, Artur Mas, Oriol Junqueras
Founded 20 July 2015
Dissolved 7 November 2017
Merger of CDC/PDeCAT
ERC
DC
MES
Independents
Ideology Pro-Catalan independence
Catalan nationalism
Political position Big tent
Junts pel Sí (IPA: [ʒuns pəɫ si]; English: Together for Yes, JxSí)[1] was a Catalan political alliance and parliamentary group focused on achieving the independence of Catalonia from Spain. First standing in the 2015 Catalan regional election, it was composed of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Democrats of Catalonia (DC) and the Left Movement (MES).[2] The Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) had been invited to participate in the alliance, but refused to do so and ran on its own instead.
The coalition was led by Raül Romeva, PhD in international relations and former eco-socialist MEP; Carme Forcadell, a linguist and former president of the Catalan National Assembly (ANC); Muriel Casals, economist and former president of Òmnium Cultural; President of the Generalitat of Catalonia and CDC leader Artur Mas and ERC leader Oriol Junqueras.
It formed a minority government since the 2015 election with confidence and supply support from the CUP, it was responsible for organising the 2017 Catalan independence referendum. On 4 November 2017, ERC chose not to rejoin JxSí ahead of the 2017 Catalan regional election
-------
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Democrats of Catalonia (DC) and Left Movement (MES) agreed by mid-July 2015 to run together under the Junts pel Sí (English: Together for Yes) joint separatist list, with support from the pro-independence Catalan National Assembly (ANC), Òmnium Cultural and the Association of Municipalities for Independence (AMI).[4] Artur Mas was appointed as JxSí presidential candidate, even though he would be placed in fourth place in the electoral ticket as a result of balance of power negotiations between ERC and CDC.[5] Instead, the first three positions in the list were to be filled by three independent figures: Raül Romeva, a former European MP for Initiative for Catalonia Greens who had left the party for not supporting independence; Carme Forcadell, former ANC president; and Muriel Casals, Òmnium chairwoman. Oriol Junqueras would follow after Mas, in fifth place.[6][7]
The coalition was thus scheduled to comprise the ruling centre-right CDC; its supporting centre-left partner in Parliament, ERC; as well as DC and MES, pro-independence splits from Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC) and the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), respectively; as well as members from separatist sectors of the civil society.[8] The Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP), which had also participated in the negotiations to form the unitary list, eventually refused on the grounds that "it was formed by politicians"—in reference to CDC and ERC's strong presence in the coalition's lists—and decided to run separately.[9]
Members[edit]
Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) (until 10 July 2016)
Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) (from 10 July 2016)
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)
Democrats of Catalonia (DC)
Left Movement (MES)
Independents
www.juntspelsi.cat
-----------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_International
Liberal International (LI) is a political international federation for liberal political parties.
Its headquarters is located at 1 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HD within the National Liberal Club. It was founded in Oxford in 1947, and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties and for the strengthening of liberalism around the world. The Oxford Manifesto describes the basic political principles of the Liberal International.
Purpose World federation of liberal political parties and organisations
Headquarters National Liberal Club
Location
London, United Kingdom
Region served
Worldwide
Membership
104 (From October 2009)
President
Juli Minoves
Main organ
Congress of Liberal International
Website http://www.liberal-international.org
------
The 13th president of Liberal International is Juli Minoves of the Liberal Party of Andorra (PLA), formerly Andorra's foreign minister and representative to the United Nations. Minoves succeeded to Hans van Baalen, leader of the delegation and spokesperson on Foreign Affairs and Defence for the Dutch People's Party for Freedom and Democracy in the European Parliament.
Former Presidents include Lord John Alderdice, Dutch politician and former European Commissioner Frits Bolkestein, German politician Otto Graf Lambsdorff, and Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after the Franco dictatorship Adolfo Suárez.
Other members of the bureau include Deputy President Helen Zille, and Vice Presidents Cecilia Wikström MEP, Dzhevdet Chakarov MP, Baroness Falkner of Margravine, Kasit Piromya, Markus Löning, and treasurers Robert Woodthorpe Browne MBE and Shih-chung Liu. The secretary general is Emil Kirjas, a former president of the International Federation of Liberal Youth.
Liberal International has two main publications:
LI-news,[2] a weekly dossier of news items that are relevant to the organisation's member parties or cooperating organisations;
Liberal Matters, a magazine published several times a year highlighting a particular liberal issue.
Liberal parties
Africa Liberal Network (ALN)
Alliance of Liberals and
Democrats for Europe (ALDE)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats
for Europe Party (ALDEP)
Arab Liberal Federation (ALF)
Council of Asian Liberals
and Democrats (CALD)
European Democratic Party (EDP)
European Liberal Youth (LYMEC)
International Federation of
Liberal Youth (IFLRY)
Liberal International
Liberal Network for
Latin America (RELIAL)
Liberal South East
European Network (LIBSEEN)
----
Presidents
Spain Salvador de Madariaga (20 April 1948 – 18 April 1952)
Belgium Roger Motz (18 April 1952 – 20 April 1958)
Italy Giovanni Malagodi (20 April 1958 – 15 April 1966)
Netherlands Edzo Toxopeus (15 April 1966 – 25 April 1970)
Luxembourg Gaston Thorn (25 April 1970 – 18 April 1982)
Italy Giovanni Malagodi (18 April 1982 – 26 April 1989)
Spain Adolfo Suárez (26 April 1989 – 22 April 1992)
Germany Otto Graf Lambsdorff (22 April 1992 – 25 April 1994)
United Kingdom David Steel (25 April 1994 – 15 April 1996)
Netherlands Frits Bolkestein (15 April 1996 – 18 April 2000)
Belgium Annemie Neyts-Uyttebroeck (18 April 2000 – 25 April 2005)
United Kingdom John Alderdice (25 April 2005 – 20 April 2009)
Netherlands Hans van Baalen (20 April 2009 – 26 April 2014)
Andorra Juli Minoves (26 April 2014 – )
mEMBERS:
Estonia Estonian Reform Party senior party in opposition
Finland Centre Party senior party in government coalition
Finland Swedish People's Party in opposition
----
Cooperating organizations
Africa Liberal Network
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (ALDE-PACE)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party)
Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
Friedrich Naumann Stiftung
Fondazione Libro Aperto
Fondazione Luigi Einaudi
Swedish International Liberal Centre
Arab Alliance for Freedom and Democracy (AAFD) (until 2011 Network of Arab Liberals, NAL)
Neue Zürcher Zeitung
National Democratic Institute, an organization with ties to the Democratic Party (United States), though government-sponsored through the National Endowment for Democracy
Red Liberal de América Latina
-
The International is also in a loose association with the following organisations:
Centre Jean Gol (Belgium)
Friedrich Naumann Foundation (Germany)
Fondazione Critica Liberale (Italy)
Teldersstichting (Netherlands)
The Bertil Ohlin Institute (Sweden)
CentreForum (UK)
-------
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_group
The Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group (ALDE) is the liberal–centrist[4][5] political group of the European Parliament. It is made up of MEPs from two European political parties, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (formerly the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party) and the European Democratic Party, which collectively form the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
ALDE is one of the three oldest Groups, dating its unofficial origin back to September 1952 and the first meeting of the Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. Founded as an explicitly Liberal Group, it has expanded its remit to cover the different centrist traditions of each new Member State as they acceded to the Union, progressively changing its name in the process.
It is the fourth-largest Group in the Parliament and did participate in the Grand Coalition (the coalition designed to provide a majority) for the Sixth Parliament (2004–2009).
The pro-European platform of ALDE espouses neoliberal economics and support for European integration and the European single market
Ideology Liberalism[2]
Centrism[2]
Pro-Europeanism
Conservative liberalism
Social liberalism
European parties Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party,
European Democratic Party
Associated organisations Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe,
Liberal International
From 20 July 2004[3]
Preceded by ELDR Group
Chaired by Belgium Guy Verhofstadt
-----As the Assembly grew into the Parliament, the French Gaullists split from the Group on 21 January 1965[8] and the Group started the process of changing its name to match the liberal/centrist traditions of the new member states, firstly to the Liberal and Democratic Group[3][9] in 1976,[3] then to the Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group[10] on 13 December 1985,[3] then to the Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party[3][9][11] on 19 July 1994[3] to match the European political party of the same name.
In 1999, the Group partnered with European People's Party–European Democrats (EPP-ED) group to form the Grand Coalition for the Fifth Parliament. The customary split of the Presidency of the European Parliament between Groups in the Coalition meant that the Group achieved its first President of the European Parliament on 15 January 2002, when Pat Cox was elected to the post to serve the latter half of the five-year term. The Group lost its Grand Coalition status after the 2004 elections.
On 13 July 2004 the Group approved a recommendation to unite with MEPs from the centrist and social-liberal political party at the European level called the European Democratic Party (EDP) founded by François Bayrou's Union for French Democracy, the Labour Party of Lithuania and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy of Italy.
The Group accordingly became the Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe[3] (ALDE) on 20 July 2004,[3] to match the eponymous transnational political alliance, although the two European-level parties remained separate outside the European Parliament. The MEP Graham Watson of the British Liberal Democrats became the first chair of ALDE
--
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_group
--
https://twitter.com/martybhoy1979
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